The indigenous drums of the Cross River region of southeastern Nigeria and southwestern Cameroon are distinctive for their "wedge and ring" method of tightening the skin. [50] Okoho Efiom bore twins whose paternal parentage have often been debated. [32] Another theory states that there was a disagreement between an Efik woman known as Abasi and an Uruan woman. Efik traders could speak, write and read the English language. Google Scholar Aye, E. A. One of such accounts was given at a court case by Prince Bassey Duke in 1917 where he stated, "The Efiks were originally Ibo descendants. Posted on March 01, 2015 [36] Here's a look inside. Efik traders played a major role during the era of the Transatlantic slave trade. [37] When many of the Efik had left for Ndodoghi, a series of unfortunate events occurred. a warrior-hunter who, despite having been a cripple, becomes the founder of an empire. The Internet has shone light on manysecret societies, rendering them not so secret. ekpe society cameroon. [9] The Efik have also been referred to as "Calabar people" in historical literature. Corrections? The Efik are an ethnic group located primarily in southern Nigeria, and western Cameroon. The first letter of the word is correctly written as "" and denotes plurality. English language is spoken in the South-Western part of Cameroon. [33] Abasi's husband insisted that the problem should be resolved by the chiefs. In the culture we have discussed, the term nyama refers to: the power which exists in all things, which can be controlled only by special persons. Many families sent their children to European captains to teach them English and the processes involved in the international trade. Sunjata's sister, Kolonkan, angers her younger brother Manding Bori when she: uses her powers to take the internal organs from animals he and his brothers killed, without cutting the animals open. [54] The name "Agbisherea" (also known as Egbosherry) appended in the names of the two kings listed by Barbot, was the name of the country, on the coast of which they traded from. As a child, Sunjata at first looks unpromising because: In one of the most dramatic episodes in the Sunjata Epic, Sunjata first begins to demonstrate his extraordinary abilities when he: avenges an insult to his mother by uprooting a tree and placing it in front of her house. Eye of the Needle - Ken Follett 2015-07-07 The worldwide phenomenon from the bestselling author of The Pillars of the Earth, World of Bamum, of Cameroon in his kingly attire seated on the throne with his chiefs flanked round him (Plate 2). The Efik language also borrows words from other ethnic groups such as Balondo, Oron, Efut, Okoyong, Efiat and Ekoi (Qua). [51] The Enwang people who were fishing at Duke town saw the twins approaching and fled in terror saying "Mbiomo oduk ine"(English: A curse has befalling our fishing sites). The society is still active at the beginning of the 21st century, now playing more of a ceremonial role. [52] The Captains wrote the acting consul who was stationed at Fernando Po. [71] Meals such as Iwewe were fed to children and old people with no teeth or fragile teeth. The Ekale and their famous shaking shoulders performing at the "Under the Volcano Festival", Limbe Cameroon. In his well researched thesis titled "Ekpe Imperium in South Eastern Nigeria", Anwana (2002) identified a plenitude of evidences to validate the Ejagham/Ekoi origins of the Ekpe society. At its peak, it permeated the social, economic and political life of the Efiks but lately its dominance has been eroded as urbanization and modern political administration expanded. Within Nigeria, the Efik can be found in the present-day Cross River State and Akwa Ibom state. [26] Essien points out that Atakpor Uruan Inyang is one of the Efik deities and asserts that among the Uruan exists the saying "Ke Ndem Efik Iboku, Atakpor ke Ekuk", which can be interpreted to mean "Where there is the Efik deity, there is also Atakpor Uruan to share with it. The Ekpe society requires that its initiates sponsor feasts for the town, which foster the appearance of the redistribution of wealth by providing the poor with food and drink. She said as a member of the Ekpe Society of the Efiks, she participates in the Ekpe activities. Several accounts have been given on the migration from Creek town to Obutong. Ekpe translates to Leopard in the Efik language and is believed to be a spirit that resides in the forest. [68] The society is believed to have been introduced in Calabar from Usahadet. Hugh, Goldie. The Ekpe is a men's society found in Abiriba, Aro-chukwu, Ohafia and many other Bende communities in Igbo land, it is a variation of the important Egbo Ejagham ( Ekoi) in the Upper Cross-River as well as the Efik Ekpe Society of Calabar. Several types of English dresses were introduced to Efik women such as the Victorian dresses known in Efik as nyny. Originally, items such as onions (Oyim mbakara) was rare in Efik meals. Originally, the Efik obtained slaves by going to war with other communities or creating confusion in other communities. Lawino says that her husband's house is a "dark forest of _______________________". The group is a mutual aid society known for elaborate street dances and very high. The earliest accounts are narrated in the second half of the 19th century by Explorers and missionaries. Working with both kp and Abaku leaders, he has documented the foundation of the society in 19th . [49] Several events at Creek town later led to a wave of migration from Creek town to Duke town. [44] There are said to be at least three mass migration from Ndodoghi. Today, it is no longer the same Ekpe society of decades ago. Imhotep was a revered personality as he was believed to be with super powers of healing and influencing people and affairs of the community. [59] According to Rev. Over the years, the Victorian dress has been modified and given what is regarded as a dignified African look. Although Behrendt and Graham reveal that Calabar had been a major trading port since the first half of the seventeenth century, Efik historians such as Aye assert that the Efik had been trading with the Europeans since the last quarter of the 15th century. Aye provides the following names among these priest-kings including Ema Atai Iboku, Ekpe Atai Iboku, Ukpong Atai Iboku. Within Nigeria, the Efik can be found in the present-day Cross River State and Akwa Ibom state. authority as head of the Ekpe (Egbo), or Leopard, society. It is a male-only society, and members are bound by secrecy. Other trading items sold by the Efik included rubber, ivory, barwood and redwood. Wake Keeping, Viewing and service in Dallas, Texas. Here is a list of some of Africa's most prominent cults of all time: The Ekpe is a secret society that lives mostly in Nigeria and whose members are typically law enforcers and politicians. The doomsday cult is a sinister transnational cult that has paved its way from the west and Asian world into some African countries including Uganda and South Africa. kp had four major roles in pre-colonial life. Cow meat was also consumed but the Efik native cow was rarely eaten or milked by the Efik. These are: the oral historians, kings' advisors, poets, and musicians whose power is the ability to manipulate words. Proponents of this theory range from missionaries, explorers, colonial anthropologists and later historians. Group members would disguise themselves as leopards, wearing leopard skins, carrying claw-like weapons, and attacking their prey. The remains will then be taken to Kepelle Village in Cameroon for burial after that. [19], The Ibibio origin of the Efik is one of the most popular among scholars. Her behavior at the board meeting was obsequious\mathit{obsequious}obsequious; for example, she actually offered to wash the company president's car! [51] Due to the custom of killing twins, Edem Efiom is said to have aided Okoho Efiom in sneaking out of Creek town to Nsutana. Define monsoon, Sanskrit, raja, caste system, caste, Hinduism, reincarnation, karma, dharma, yoga, Buddhism, ascetic, nirvana. In modern-day Efik society, nyny is worn on various occasions such as weddings and traditional events. The group has managed to stay mostly hidden for over more than 100 years. The Ogboni is a fraternity indigenous to Nigeria, Benin and Togo. [62][63] The first missionaries arrived in 1846. Among these cuisines include Ekpang nkukwo, Edikang Ikong, Afia efere, Anyan Ekpang, Afang soup and several others. [45] internal dissensions and population expansion led to the movement of several families from Creek Town to Obutong, Atakpa, Nsidung and Ekoretonko. society to its Caribbean incarnation, which has deeply influenced Cuba's creative energy and popular consciousness. part of the Balondos or Orokos in Ndian in Southern Cameroon) and Idombi (ie present town, called Bamusso in Ndian-Southern . (a) What are the Clowns trying to accomplish in this scene? 4. The Ekpe Masquerade Jun. Opinions expressed belong solely to the author and do not represent the views of other Members, Management, or the Community at large. [38] The Efik bard Adiaha Etim Anua recites in her 1910 ballad that "Mkpana Ndodoghi Edik. Osirica brotherhood is the root of all the mason societies, dating back around 2300 B.C. [61] One of such letters written by King Eyamba V and the chiefs of Old Calabar states: Now we settle treaty for not sell slave, I must tell you something, I want your Queen to do for we. Some other clothings introduced into the market include smit, brutanya, isadh and nkisi. Internal details about the membership and brotherhood demands of this ancient group is supposedly a top secret known only to the members. LEFT Omabe Eze sewing an ukara, Ezillo, southeastern Nigeria. Also i want bomb and shell. The earliest proponent of the Igbo origin was William Baikie who stated in his 1856 publication, "All the coast dialects from One to Old Kalabar, are, either directly or indirectly, connected with Igbo, which later Dr Latham informs me is certainly related to the Kafir class". Adire Adire means 'tie and dye' in Yoruba. The ekpo masquerade, occurring to the south and east of Benin, is performed by the warrior age group in ceremonies to purify the village ritually and to maintain health. Ekpe Efik was used as a government instrument in Bakassi in exercising authority for more than 200 years ago (E.O.Efiong-Fuller, 1996). Ekpe Society 1st Conclave from Sept 16 to 17 2009, Ekpe DC Sessekou relaxing during the conclave, Ekpe Society members with Justice Hilman Egbe at a MECA DC meeting. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. The Efik are an ethnic group located primarily in southern Nigeria, in the southern part of Cross River State. Prior to the introduction of industrialised cubic-shaped seasonings such as maggi and know, Crayfish was used to make meals more spicy. The Efik also manufacture a number of beverages such as Mmn Efik (Palm wine), Uffp (Native gin), Lemon grass tea (Nnyannyaa), Mmn Eyop (Eyop wine). [47] At the time of their exit from Creek town, the reigning monarch of Creek town was their half brother Oku Atai Atai Ema Atai. The Ekpe Society or Mgbe society as it is also fondly called is very reputable and covers a wider range of ethnic groups such as: the Efut; the Efik; the Qua-Ejegham, and the Okonko ( the Igbo-speaking areas). Photo by Jordan Fenton. A reconsideration of kp and Abaku suggests an agenda for the study of kp in diaspora from a different perspective. Hope Waddell, Foreign commerce soon brought Calabar affairs into such a state, that the want of a bond of union among the different families, and of a supreme authority to enforce peace and order between equals and rivals, became apparent; and the Egbo institution was adopted. This is: After his "second birth", Waiyaki is brought to a sacred grove where: After the episode in the sacred grove, Waiyaki disappears from his home to: The two daughters of Joshua, Nyambura and Muthoni, have both been forbidden by their father to: Waiyaki tries to heal the conflict between the two ridges by: Waiyaki fails to achieve his goals because: The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, Edge Reading, Writing and Language: Level C, David W. Moore, Deborah Short, Michael W. Smith. [32] The men were wet and complained of hunger and fatigue. This exhibition examines the ukara cloth of the Ekpe secret society, a multi-ethnic all-male association in southeastern Nigeria and western Cameroon, exploring both the longstanding cultural practice the cloth represents and the artistic process involved in its creation. This material is believed to have been imported by the Portuguese (Oboriki). In the culture we have discussed, the term jamu refers to: each person's family name, which connects the person to a famous character in the story of Sunjata. The Efik acted as the middlemen between the European vessels and the inland slave traders. [5] Ekpe is a mysterious spirit who is supposed to live in the jungle and to preside at the ceremonies of the society. [69] On the appending of the Ekpe institution to its list of secret societies, the Ekpe society was reformed and adapted to suit the needs of the Efik people. Hood Quarterly, spring 2015 This exhibition examines the ukara cloth of the Ekpe secret society, a multi-ethnic all-male association in southeastern Nigeria and western Cameroon, exploring both the longstanding cultural practice the cloth represents and the artistic process involved in its creation. [15] This theory appears to be isolated as other Ibibio writers do not narrate that such terms were used by the Ibibio. [30][31] Another reason given by Etubom Ededem Ekpenyong Oku asserts that the Uruan accused the Efik of wizardry and of being responsible for the frequent seizure of their children by crocodiles. We bring you daily editor picks from the best Business Insider news content so you can stay updated on the latest topics and conversations on the African market, leaders, careers and lifestyle. [48] Jeffreys theory is unpopular with a large majority of the Efik. Charles Ekpo Arthur Jarvis University, Akpabuyo, Nigeria The Cross River region is a vast socio-cultural mosaic which accommodates peoples of distinct ethnic, religious, social, economic and. quickly adapted to fulfil other economic and civil functions. Hope all is well. Members of the Ekpe society are said to act as messengers of the "[35] Simmons assertion which was made in his 1958 dissertation is similarly reiterated at the Hart's enquiry in 1964 by chiefs such as Chief Efiom Obo Effanga of Obutong. [23][24], The Oriental original is most popular among indigenous Efik historians such as E.U. The images, ideology, and secrecy associated with kp have been studied for more than one hundred years, and yet crucial features of the history of kp and its transformation have been neglected. The Ekpo/Ekpe society is a significant part of the Ibibio political system. [82] The Portuguese are said to have arrived in masted ships. [65] Although the missionaries and rulers of Creek town and Duke town protested, their protests fell on deaf ears. In the culture we have discussed, the term dalilu refers to: an individual's personal power, knowledge, or ability, inborn but enhanced and developed through training and experience. (Multiple Deaths at Ndodoghi creek, Ema Atai Ema Atai, Priest-king, lost his sight in death). Unblock notifications in browser settings. It is also found among a number of other ethnic groups, including the Bahumono of the Cross River State, the Ibibio, the Uruan and the Oron of Akwa Ibom State, Arochukwu and some other parts of Abia State, as well as in the diaspora, such as in Cuba and Brazil. [67] Communities within the Calabar metropolis such as Efut, Kiong and Qua also speak and understand the Efik language. AHR ~ 125 At Old Calabar, traders had slowly started transitioning completely into the lucrative palm oil trade. I was very poorno job and I has no money to even feed and take care of myfamily I was confuse in life I dont know what to do I try allmy possible best to get money but no one work out for meeach day I share tears, I was just looking out my family nomoney to take care of them until one day I decided to jointhe great Illuminati , I come across them in the internet Inever believe I said let me try I email them.all what theysaid we happen in my life just started it was like a dream tome they really change my story totally . On behalf of Ekpe-USA Leadership, I hereby remind every member of Ngbe who has taken the aoth that our fathers and great grand fathers took to uphold those sacred traditions and beliefs, to immediately start preparations to do what they must do to send our brother to join our ancestors. "[20] http://Ekpesociety.blogspot.com; www.ekpe.org; http://Ekpesocietyusa.blogspot.com; http://ndiboyevengo.blogspot.com, Ekpe Society 1st Conclave from Sept 16 to 17 2009, Ekpe DC Sessekou relaxing during the conclave, Ekpe Society members with Justice Hilman Egbe at a MECA DC meeting, Ekpe Chief Maurice Enoh's funeral in Dallas on January 27th and 28th 2012, Maurice Enoh: The 1st Manyu Ekpe USA Sessekou to die in USA, Maurice Enoh returning from his crowning ceremony as Ekpe Chief in Kepelle Village, Ekpe-USA received at the Smithsonian Museum. The nsibidi may convey meaning either singularly or in groups, and each sign may be figurative, geometric, or abstract, or may represent a physical object, concept, or narrative. Iboku, Enwang, Usukakpa and Abayen. [77] The fibre of the leaf-stalk of a palm was made into a thread and woven to make clothes and bags. Ema Atai Ema Atai, Edidem, Biop sai." It may not display this or other websites correctly. Have you ever thought about starting a secret society? LEFT Ekpe cage during Ikot Ekpe ritual in 2009. . of Old Calabar by the Ekpe secret society, which was controlled by the towns merchant houses. According to Parker, When there, Dick Ebro' asking him to go to war with him, he complied, and accordingly having sitted out and armed the canoes, they went up the river, lying under the bushes in the day when they came near a village; and at night flying up to the village, and taking hold of every one they could see. (b) Analyze Cause and Effect: What events prevent their success? Welcome to brotherhood Illuminati where you can becomerich famous and popular and your life story we be changetotally my name is Dan Jerry I am here to share mytestimony on how I join the great brotherhood Illuminatiand my life story was change immediately . It is not just because of its spiritual or cultic functions but for the fact that the institution was a pre-colonial police judiciary system (Bassey, 1998). The Ekpe-men are ranked in seven or nine grades, for promotion to each of which fresh initiation ceremonies, fees and oaths are necessary.[1]. Due to the number of unfortunate incidents at Ikpa Ene and Ndodoghi, the Efik sought to leave these islands. The Ogboni fraternity is said to have a strong affiliation to royalty, gerontological system of governance and the law enforcement of the community. These missionaries together with King Eyo Honesty II brought several changes to Old Calabar society. Historians and archaeologists have worked to piece together the human story from prehistory up to today. Papers documenting the research materials and scholarly work of Dr. Ivor L. Miller in cultural studies of the African Diaspora. And it's a symbol in both. The Ekpe society, the regulatory society in Manyu Division also fixed a heavy fine on any defaulter. the Ekpe society. The Efik are an ethnic group located primarily in southern Nigeria, and western Cameroon. ugly and deformed, but predicted to be the mother of a great king. All Ekpe members are hereby reminded that under Ekpe custom, we do not leave the lifeless body of our warriors in the battle field, and we certainly do not leave the remains of an Ekpe chief unguarded. Aye, Originally Ekpe Fraternity was for religious purposes, but as the Calabar community became complicated owing to the new wealth which the early trade with Europeans brought it was. [15] Ekereke and Ekereke further assert that the word was later changed to "Efik". The Neegee or Crocodile Society is considered evil by the Poro and Sande groups. [81] And there are definitely more than 10 Ekpe members still around today. [53] Aphrom was a corruption of Ephraim which was an anglicised form of the Efik name Efiom. Enyi laja na lasha b nyeere ha aka idi nsogbu nd baara ha. a Mande tradition based on orally transmitted history. The presentation, by Ekpe members from Cameroon, Nigeria and Cuba was arranged by Chief Dr. Ivor Miller and coordinated by Sessekous Ojong-Orock, Joseph Mbu and Mbe Tazi. The group believes that when they eat human flesh, they gain the ability to transform into a crocodile. Members of the Ekpe society are said to act as The tentative program is as follows: January 27th and 28th, 2012. expectations of the members to prioritize the group over their own families. According to Simmons, "Most Informants maintain that the first people to Inhabit Creek Town were Efut fishermen from the southern Cameroons. Sisiku Ojong-Orock was born on Saturday October 2nd, 1948 in Ogomoko Village,Eyumojock Sub-Division, Manyu Division in the Republic of Cameroon, West Africa. It was technically part of Nigeria, according to history, which was the reason we had the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC). She or he is a random of nature, a result of mixed up and confused spiritual genetics. For instance any member wronged in an Ekpe district, that is one dominated by the society, has only to address an Ekpe-man or beat the Ekpe drum in the Ekpe-house, or blow Ekpe as it is called, i.e., sound the Ekpe horn, before the hut of the wrong-doer, and the whole machinery of the society is put in force to see justice done. [52] The breach of agreement to halt such practices was punished by blowing Ekpe on Obutong and forbidding funeral rites of the chief until the murderers were brought to justice. Cameroon-Nigeria Relations, 1884-1961: A Study in Political, Economic and Social Interactions Between Two Nigerian Neighbouring States. The society is somewhat akin to a free mason group and does some unofficial law enforcement. All willing to engage respectfully are welcome. Department of Conflict Resolution Studies Theses and Dissertations "Hakuna Matata" (No More Worries) - Integrating Indigenous Systems of Conflict Resolution into the Formal System of Government Administration in Cameroon: Case Study of the Ekpe Society of Manyu Division Stephen O. Agbor, Nova Southeastern University Follow Date of Award 2017 Living in what is now Southeast Nigeria and Southwest Cameroon, the people were physically divided by British and German colonial holdings in Africa. Dropping by to say, "Hi!" [65] Cannons were shot at the town and every house was levelled to the ground. Efik society consists of various clans which were originally known as "Esien Efik itiaba" (English: Seven clans of Efik) and later known in the 21st century as "Esien Efik Duopeba" (English: Twelve clans of Efik). Although Duke town is believed to have been occupied since the 15th century by the Enwang, it was not until the 17th century that the Efiom Ekpo families moved in large waves to the site. . Omissions? Modern Efik society is a melting pot of people of diverse origin. [47] On the founding of Obutong, Colonial anthropologist M.D.W. Now we can't sell slaves again we must have too much man for country; and want something for make work and trade, and if we could get seed for cotton and coffee we could make trade. The dress is often worn with ornaments such as necklaces and earrings made of coral beads. [5] The Efik refer to themselves as Efik Eburutu, Ifa Ibom, Eburutu and Iboku. LEFT Mgballa Ekpe lodge with Ekpe members, Arochukwu, southeastern Nigeria. This site uses cookies to help personalize content, tailor your experience and to keep you logged in if you register. Goldie describes Eburutu as a country that consists of various ethnic groups. [76] Palm wine is acquired by making an incision on the palm tree, a process known as "tapping". [52] On the death of Chief Willy Tom Robins, a number of rituals were performed. The history of the Efik is one of the most documented in subsaharan Africa. In the culture we have discussed, the term badenya refers to: the relationship between the mother and child, and full siblings - implying closeness, trust, cooperation, unselfishness, and acceptance of rules. The Efik people are well known for a diverse number of cuisines. cherryblossom wrote on WARRIOR's profile. Covering, concealing, and protecting their bodies, it functions as a physical metaphor for the ideological secrecy that the Ekpe society carefully constructs and guards. [14], The name "Efik" translates to "Oppressors" and is derived from the Efik-Ibibio verb root "Fik" (English: Oppress).

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